O verbo to be - ser/estar - é o verbo irregular mais complicado e usado em inglês. O verb to be pode ser conjugado como “am”, “is”, “are”, “was”, “were”, “being” e “been”, além do próprio infinitivo “be”. Aprenda suas regras e como usá-los no presente, passado e futuro.
Verbo to be no presente
Simple Present
No presente simples em inglês - simple present - o verbo to be é conjugado como “am”, “is” e “are”:
- Sujeito (I, You, He, etc) + am/is/are (to be no Simple Present) + complemento
Sujeito |
Afirmativo |
Negativo |
Interrogativo |
I |
I am |
I am not |
Am I? |
You |
You are |
You are not |
Are you? |
He |
He is |
He is not |
Is he? |
She |
She is |
She is not |
Is she? |
It |
It is |
It is not |
Is it? |
We |
We are |
We are not |
Are we? |
You |
You are |
You are not |
Are you? |
They |
They are |
They are not |
Are they? |
Sujeito |
Afirmativo Abreviado |
Negativo Abreviado |
Interrogativo Negativo |
I |
I’m |
I’m not |
Am I not? |
You |
You’re |
You’re not/You aren’t |
Aren’t you? |
He |
He’s |
He’s not/He isn’t |
Isn’t he? |
She |
She’s |
She’s not/She isn’t |
Isn’t she? |
It |
It’s |
It’s not/It isn’t |
Isn’t it? |
We |
We’re |
We’re not/We aren’t |
Aren’t we? |
You |
You’re |
You’re not/You aren’t |
Aren’t you? |
They |
They’re |
They’re not/They aren’t |
Aren’t they? |
Exemplos
- “She is a doctor.” - “Ela é médica.”
- “He isn’t happy.” - “Ele não está feliz.”
- “Are you ready?” - “Você está pronto?”
Present Continuous
O verbo to be no Present Continuous segue essa estrutura:
- Sujeito (I, You, He, etc) + am/is/are (to be no Simple Present) + “being” (to be + gerúndio “-ing”) + complemento
Sujeito |
Afirmativo |
Negativo |
Interrogativo |
I |
I am being |
I am not being |
Am I being? |
You |
You are being |
You are not being |
Are you being? |
He |
He is being |
He is not being |
Is he being? |
She |
She is being |
She is not being |
Is she being? |
It |
It is being |
It is not being |
Is it being? |
We |
We are being |
We are not being |
Are we being? |
You |
You are being |
You are not being |
Are you being? |
They |
They are being |
They are not being |
Are they being? |
Exemplos
- “They’re studying now.” - “Eles estão estudando agora.”
- “I am not working today.” - “Eu não estou trabalhando hoje.”
- “Isn’t she coming with us?” - “Ela não está vindo conosco?”
Verbo to be no passado
Simple Past
O verbo to be no Simple Past - passado simples - segue essa estrutura:
- Sujeito (I, You, He, etc) + was/were (to be no Simple Past) + complemento
Sujeito |
Afirmativo |
Negativo |
Interrogativo |
I |
I was |
I was not |
Was I? |
You |
You were |
You were not |
Were you? |
He |
He was |
He was not |
Was he? |
She |
She was |
She was not |
Was she? |
It |
It was |
It was not |
Was it? |
We |
We were |
We were not |
Were we? |
You |
You were |
You were not |
Were you? |
They |
They were |
They were not |
Were they? |
Sujeito |
Negativo Abreviado |
Interrogativo Negativo |
I |
I wasn’t |
Wasn’t I? |
You |
You weren’t |
Weren’t you? |
He |
He wasn’t |
Wasn’t he? |
She |
She wasn’t |
Wasn’t she? |
It |
It wasn’t |
Wasn’t it? |
We |
We weren’t |
Weren’t we? |
You |
You weren’t |
Weren’t you? |
They |
They weren’t |
Weren’t they? |
Exemplos
- “He was at home yesterday.” - “Ele estava em casa ontem.”
- “They weren’t interested.” - “Eles não estavam interessados.”
- “Was it expensive?” - “Era caro?”
Past Continuous
O verbo to be no Past Continuous - passado contínuo - segue essa estrutura:
- Sujeito (I, You, He, etc) + was/were (to be no Simple Past) + "“being” (to be + gerúndio “-ing”) + complemento
Sujeito |
Afirmativo |
Negativo |
Interrogativo |
I |
I was being |
I was not being |
Am I being? |
You |
You were being |
You were not being |
Are you being? |
He |
He was being |
He was not being |
Is he being? |
She |
She was being |
She was not being |
Is she being? |
It |
It was being |
It was not being |
Is it being? |
We |
We were being |
We were not being |
Are we being? |
You |
You were being |
You were not being |
Are you being? |
They |
They were being |
They were not being |
Are they being? |
Exemplos
- “I was watching TV when you called.” - “Eu estava assistindo TV quando você ligou.”
- “We were not paying attention during the lecture.” - “Nós não estávamos prestando atenção durante a palestra.”
- “Weren’t you sleeping at 8 o’clock?” - “Você não estava dormindo às 8 horas?”
Present Perfect
O Present Perfect é usado para demonstrar uma ação passada que possui uma conexão com o presente. O verbo to be no Present Perfect segue esse padrão:
- Sujeito (I, You, He, etc) + has/have + “been” (to be no Past Participle) + complemento
Sujeito |
Afirmativo |
Negativo |
Interrogativo |
I |
I have been |
I have not been |
Have I been? |
You |
You have been |
You have not been |
Have you been? |
He |
He has been |
He has not been |
Has he been? |
She |
She has been |
She has not been |
Has she been? |
It |
It has been |
It has not been |
Has it been? |
We |
We have been |
We have not been |
Have we been? |
You |
You have been |
You have not been |
Have you been? |
They |
They have been |
They have not been |
Have they been? |
Sujeito |
Afirmativo Abreviado |
Negativo Abreviado |
Interrogativo Negativo |
I |
I’ve been |
I haven’t been |
Haven’t I been? |
You |
You’ve been |
You haven’t been |
Haven’t you been? |
He |
He’s been |
He hasn’t been |
Hasn’t he been? |
She |
She’s been |
She hasn’t been |
Hasn’t she been? |
It |
It’s been |
It hasn’t been |
Hasn’t it been? |
We |
We’ve been |
We haven’t been |
Haven’t we been? |
You |
You’ve been |
You haven’t been |
Haven’t you been? |
They |
They’ve been |
They haven’t been |
Haven’t they been? |
Exemplos
- “We have been friends for years.” - “Somos amigos há anos.”
- “You haven’t been honest.” - “Você não tem sido honesto.”
- “Have they been here before?” - “Eles já estiveram aqui antes?”
Past Perfect
O Past Perfect é usado para indicar ações passadas que ocorreram antes de outra ação no passado. O verbo to be no Past Perfect segue essa estrutura:
- Sujeito (I, You, He, etc) + had + “been” (to be no Past Participle) + complemento
Sujeito |
Afirmativo |
Negativo |
Interrogativo |
I |
I had been |
I had not been |
Had I been? |
You |
You had been |
You had not been |
Had you been? |
He |
He had been |
He had not been |
Had he been? |
She |
She had been |
She had not been |
Had she been? |
It |
It had been |
It had not been |
Had it been? |
We |
We had been |
We had not been |
Had we been? |
You |
You had been |
You had not been |
Had you been? |
They |
They had been |
They had not been |
Had they been? |
Sujeito |
Afirmativo Abreviado |
Negativo Abreviado |
Interrogativo Negativo |
I |
I’d been |
I hadn’t been |
Hadn’t I been? |
You |
You’d been |
You hadn’t been |
Hadn’t you been? |
He |
He’d been |
He hadn’t been |
Hadn’t he been? |
She |
She’d been |
She hadn’t been |
Hadn’t she been? |
It |
It’d been |
It hadn’t been |
Hadn’t it been? |
We |
We’d been |
We hadn’t been |
Hadn’t we been? |
You |
You’d been |
You hadn’t been |
Hadn’t you been? |
They |
They’d been |
They hadn’t been |
Hadn’t they been? |
Exemplos
- “She’d been a teacher before she retired.” - “Ela tinha sido professora antes de se aposentar.”
- “They had not been to Brazil before last summer.” - “Eles não tinham ido ao Brasil antes do último verão.”
- “Hadn’t you ever seen such a thing?” - “Você já não tinha visto algo assim?”
Verbo to be no futuro
Simple Future
O Simple Future demonstra ações que ocorrerão no futuro. O verbo to be no futuro segue esse padrão:
- Sujeito (I, You, He, etc) + will + “be” (to be no infinitivo) + complemento
Sujeito |
Afirmativo |
Negativo |
Interrogativo |
I |
I will be |
I will not be |
Will I be? |
You |
You will be |
You will not be |
Will you be? |
He |
He will be |
He will not be |
Will he be? |
She |
She will be |
She will not be |
Will she be? |
It |
It will be |
It will not be |
Will it be? |
We |
We will be |
We will not be |
Will we be? |
You |
You will be |
You will not be |
Will you be? |
They |
They will be |
They will not be |
Will they be? |
Sujeito |
Afirmativo Abreviado |
Negativo Abreviado |
Interrogativo Negativo |
I |
I’ll be |
I won’t be |
Won’t I be? |
You |
You’ll be |
You won’t be |
Won’t you be? |
He |
He’ll be |
He won’t be |
Won’t he be? |
She |
She’ll be |
She won’t be |
Won’t she be? |
It |
It’ll be |
It won’t be |
Won’t it be? |
We |
We’ll be |
We won’t be |
Won’t we be? |
You |
You’ll be |
You won’t be |
Won’t you be? |
They |
They’ll be |
They won’t be |
Won’t they be? |
Exemplos
- “I will be there tomorrow.” - “Eu estarei lá amanhã.”
- “She will not be available until Friday.” - “Ela não estará disponível até sexta-feira.”
- “Will we be together?” - “Estaremos juntos?”
Conclusão
Tabela resumo do verbo to be
Sujeito |
Simple Present |
Present Continuous |
Simple Past |
Past Continuous |
Present Perfect |
Past Perfect |
Simple Future |
I |
am |
am being |
was |
was being |
have been |
had been |
will be |
You |
are |
are being |
were |
were being |
have been |
had been |
will be |
He |
is |
is being |
was |
was being |
has been |
had been |
will be |
She |
is |
is being |
was |
was being |
has been |
had been |
will be |
It |
is |
is being |
was |
was being |
has been |
had been |
will be |
We |
are |
are being |
were |
were being |
have been |
had been |
will be |
You |
are |
are being |
were |
were being |
have been |
had been |
will be |
They |
are |
are being |
were |
were being |
have been |
had been |
will be |
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